孙中山“让位”袁世凯的原因

论文编号:LS184  论文字数:12965,页数:15

孙中山“让位”袁世凯的原因
 
摘要

 民主革命先驱孙中山、黄兴等人领导的辛亥革命，一举推翻了清朝的腐朽统治，埋葬了延续两千余年的中国君主专制制度，创建了中国第一个民主共和政权，然而孙中山等人之所以不能把来之不易的革命政权牢握在手，原因颇多，但当我们坚持从历史条件出发解读历史本身，则不难发现，最主要的原因是严重的财政困难。一方面辛亥革命的共和国政府，为改变清代遗留下来的财政制度进行斗争，虽然各种财政名称和官僚结构变化了，但共和国政府比清政府更无力控制中国的收入来源，从而造成临时政府没有稳定的财政来源，另一方面临时政府处于战争期间，军队人数急剧增加，政府组建及其日常运作开支巨大，再加上各级政府兴业、办校、赈灾等处处要钱，各地要钱的电报纷至沓来等因素造成临时政府支出浩繁。由于国民贫穷，所借内债有限；由于列强的贪欲，所借外债甚少，这引起了临时政府内部的政治危机，南京临时政府深陷财政危机之中而又没能找到有效的舒缓方法，致使以孙中山为代表的临时政府寸步难行，最终“让位” 袁世凯。                             
   
关键词：孙中山；南京临时政府；财政危机；借款

Sun Yat-Sen “yields” Yuan Shikai's Reason

Abstract：Sun Yat-Sen “yields” Yuan Shikai is in a Chinese modern history important matter, when we insisted that embarks the explanation history from the historic condition itself, is not difficult to discover, the reason that Sun Yat-Sen et al. cannot grasp the hard-won revolutionary political power jail in the hand, the most main reason is the serious pecuniary embarrassment. On the one hand Provisional government not stable financial resources, on the other hand includes the military expenses the disbursement to be very actually vast. Because the national is poor, borrows the internal debt to be limited; As a result of big powers greed, borrows the foreign loan to be really few, this has caused the Provisional government internal political crisis, because however Sun Yat-Sen the policy aspect presents the fault for representative's Provisional government, continues to run the political power with difficulty, “yields” finally Yuan Shikai.
Key word：Sun Yat-Sen, the Nanjing Provisional Government, Financial Crisis, Loan

目录
 
 引言........................................................................1
文献综述....................................................................1
研究方法....................................................................2
讨论与分析...................................................................2
一、复杂遽变的时代..........................................................2
二、临时政府在财政上入不敷出................................................3
 1.财政收入严重不足.......................................................3
 2.财政支出巨大...........................................................4
三、临时政府借债不当引发政治危机...........................................5
 1.借内债收效甚微.........................................................5
 （1）民众对民初政治之冷漠................................................5
 （2）商人在民初政坛的低调................................................7
 2.借外债举措失当.........................................................10
结论.......................................................................13
参考文献...................................................................14