基于PLC电梯曳引系统的设计

论文编号:ZD1442  论文字数:17315,页数:29

摘要
 随着城市建设的不断发展，高层建筑不断增多，电梯在国民经济和生活中有着广泛的应用。电梯作为高层建筑中垂直运行的交通工具已与人们的日常生活密不可分。实际上电梯是根据外部呼叫信号以及自身控制规律等运行的，而呼叫是随机的，电梯实际上是一个人机交互式的控制系统，单纯用顺序控制或逻辑控制是不能满足控制要求的，因此，电梯控制系统采用随机逻辑方式控制。目前电梯的控制普遍采用了两种方式，一是采用微机作为信号控制单元，完成电梯信号的采集、运行状态和功能的设定，实现电梯的自动调度和集选运行功能，拖动控制则由变频器来完成；第二种控制方式用可编程控制器（PLC）取代微机实现信号集选控制。从控制方式和性能上来说，这两种方法并没有太大的区别。国内厂家大多选择第二种方式，其原因在于生产规模较小，自己设计和制造微机控制装置成本较高；而PLC可靠性高，程序设计方便灵活，抗干扰能力强、运行稳定可靠等特点，所以现在的电梯控制系统广泛采用可编程控制器来实现。此外电梯的曳引系统作为动力系统，起着至关重要的作用。在PLC的控制下，曳引系统带动整个电梯或升或降，使人们的生活更加方便快捷。由于电梯曳引系统时变性、不确定性、高度非线性等特征，指出电梯常用的普通PID控制存在的不足，提出了单神经元自适应PID控制的方法。通过计算机仿真及其在实用电梯上的试验，结果表明基于单神经元自适应PID控制的方法，对提高电梯速度的跟踪性能有较好的作用。模型电梯试验表明这种控制方法结合电路硬件结构的改变，能使电梯的能量减少损耗5%左右。
 

【关键词】 人机交互 变频器 可编程控制器 微机控制装置 曳引系统 动力系统

Abstract
 Along with the urban construction unceasing development, the high-rise construction increases unceasingly, the elevator has the widespread application in the national economy and the life.The elevator took in the high-rise construction the vertical movement transportation vehicle already and people's daily life is inseparable.In fact the elevator is according to exterior movements and so on calling signal as well as own control rule, but calls is stochastic, the elevator in fact is a man-machine interactive control system, purely cannot satisfy the control request with the sequential control or the logical control, therefore, the elevator control system uses the stochastic logical way control.At present the elevator control generally has selected two methods, one is uses the microcomputer to take the signal control unit, completes the elevator signal gathering, the running status and the function hypothesis, realizes the elevator automatic scheduling and the collection chooses the movement function, the dragging control to complete by the frequency changer; The second control mode chooses the control with the programmable controller (PLC) substitution microcomputer realization signal collection.From the control mode and the performance, these two method not too big difference.The domestic factory mostly chooses the second way, its reason lies in the scale of production to be small, own design and the manufacture microcomputer control device cost is high; But the
PLC reliability is high, the programming convenience is flexible, antijamming ability strong, movement stable reliable and so on characteristics, therefore the present elevator control system widely uses the programmable controller to realize. In addition the elevator haulage system took the dynamic system, is playing the very important role.Under the PLC control, the haulage system impetus entire elevator either rises or falls, causes people's life to be more convenient quickly.Because time elevator haulage system the denaturation, the uncertainty, characteristics and so on non-linearity, pointed out highly the elevator commonly used ordinary PID control existence the insufficiency, proposed the mononeural originally adapts the PID control method.Through the computer simulation and on the practical elevator experiment, finally indicated originally adapts the PID control method based on the mononeural, to enhances the elevator speed the track performance to have the good function.The model elevator experiment indicated this kind of control method union electric circuit hardware architecture the change, can cause the elevator the energy loss to reduce about 5%.

【Key word】  man-machine interaction frequency changer programmable controller   microcomputer control device    Haulage system    dynamic system
 

 目录
摘要 3
前言 5
1电梯设备及电梯发展动态 5
1.1电梯设备 5
1.1.1电梯的定义 5
1.1.2电梯的分类 5
1.1.3电梯的主要组成部分 5
1.1.4电梯的安全保护装置 6
1.2电梯的发展动态 6
2 电梯的PLC系统的设计 7
2.1可编程控制器PLC的选择 7
2.1.1轿箱楼层位置的检测方法 7
2.1.2 PLC的选型 7
2.2 PLC控制系统的设计 7
2.2.1PLC控制系统的基本结构图 7
2.2.2信号控制系统 8
2.3减速及平层控制 10
2.4 PLC及在电梯控制中的特点 11
2.4.1 PLC的特点 11
2.4.2 PLC控制电梯的优点 11
3曳引系统的工作原理与运动分析 12
3.1曳引系统的主要设备与装置 12
3.1.1曳引机 12
3.1.2曳引轮 13
3.1.3减速器 13
3.1.4联轴器 13
3.1.5曳引钢丝绳的标记方法及其性能要求 14
3.2曳引系统的提升原理 14
3.2.1曳引式提升原理 14
3.2.2曳引传动关系 14
3.2.3曳引系统设计的受力分析 15
3.3电梯的曳引能力 17
3.3.1曳引系数 17
3.3.2曳引轮绳槽与曳引力的关系 18
3.4包角对曳引力的影响及曳引条件 18
3.4.1包角对曳引力的影响 18
3.4.2电梯的曳引条件 19
3.5电梯的最大曳引能力和允许轿厢最小自重 19
3.5.1电梯的最大曳引能力 19
3.5.2轿厢允许的最小自重 19
3.6对重匹配分析 19
4电梯的PLC和曳引系统的匹配特性 19
4.1理想运行曲线的产生 20
4.2速度曲线的产生 20
4.2.1速度曲线产生方法 20
4.2.2加速给定曲线的产生 20
4.2.3减速制动曲线的产生 21
4.3 PLC和曳引系统匹配的设计特点 21
4.3.1 主电路 21
4.3.2 PLC和曳引系统匹配的控制构成 22
4.3.3位移控制电路 23
4.3.4楼层计数 24
4.3.5快速换速 24
4.3.6门区信号 26
4.3.7采用优先队列级 26
4.3.8 采用先进先出队列和随机逻辑控制 27
结论 28
辞谢 29
参考文献 30