全天候太阳能跟踪系统设计

电子机电论文编号:JD1091  论文字数:12513,页数:45

 目    录
 摘要……………………………………………………………I
 ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………II
 1 概论…………………………………………………………1
 1.1   太阳能全天候跟踪系统发展现状……………………………1
 1.2  太阳能全天候跟踪系统设计思想…………………………1
 1.3  太阳能全天候跟踪系统研究意义…………………………2
 1.4   研究目标.研究内容及拟解决关键问题…………………2
 2  系统主控制器…………………………………………………2
 2.1 主控制器选用………………………………………………2
 2.2 控制器介绍…………………………………………………3
 2.  3AT89C52……………………………………………………3
 3  系统显示模块…………………………………………………5
 3.1 显示模块选用………………………………………………5
 4 驱动元件………………………………………………………7
 4.1 直流电机与步进电机的比较………………………………7
 4.2 步进电机控制原理…………………………………………7
 4.3  步进电机正反转控制时序……………………… …8
 5 比较器与光敏电阻………………………………… ………9
 6  检测模块设计………………………………………………10
 6.1方案……………………………………………………10
 6.1方案论证…………………………………………………11
 6.2 光敏电阻与板夹角…………………………………………11
 7 太阳能全天候跟踪系统电源设计………………………12
 7.1 方案…………………………………………………………12
 7.2 方案论证……………………………………………………12
 8 系统组成原理…………………………………………………12
 8.1 接收系统……………………………………………………12
 8.2 用户控制系统………………………………………………14
 8.3显示系统……………………………………………………14
 9系统软件设计…………………………………………………15
 9.1软件流程图…………………………………………………15
 9.2程序清单……………………………………………………18
 结束语……………………………………………………………33
 参考文献……………………………………………………34
 附录………………………………………………………………35
 谢辞………………………………………………………………36

摘  要
 
 全天候太阳能跟踪系统是针对太阳能空调、太阳能制氢、太阳辐照度测量、材料老化实验、高效太阳能光伏发电、高效太阳能热水器等需要对太阳进行实时跟踪的应用领域而设计的。
 太阳能跟踪系统的设计是综合运用物理学、光学，运动学、控制理论等学科体现，是当前国内外研究的热点问题之一。太阳能既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它资源丰富，既可免费使用，又无需运输，对环境无任何污染。为人类创造了一种新的生活形态，使社会及人类进入一个节约能源减少污染的时代。所以实现对太阳全天候跟踪，是提高对太阳能运用，利用率有重大意义。
 本人制作全天候太阳能跟踪系统，该系统可以对太阳全方位跟踪，具有两个自由度的跟踪能力。经过黑夜或阴天后，只要太阳一出即可跟踪，工作可靠稳定。
  该系统运用ATMEL公司AT89C52控制芯片，通过对运放器LM354N,LM358组成比较模块对光敏电阻对光线的感应强度和设定基准电压比较结果的检测，并对检测结果进行逻辑运算后，对负责方位角和高度角的步进电机进行控制，从而实现对太阳全方位跟踪。1602液晶显示模块，显示系统当前的工作状态及时间。在该论文中详细阐述了控制系统的组成结构和工作原理。该方法利用九个光敏电阻对当前环境光线强度进行感应，在不同强度亮度下，光敏电阻的阻值不一样，所以比较器的正输入电压也不同。如果跟踪板不是正对的太阳，那么九个光敏电阻的阻值也不一样，比较器正输入的电压也不一样，如果正输入电压高于设定的基准电压，比较器将输出一个信号给单片机，单片机根据比较器输入的信号进行逻辑运算，然后控制相应步进电机旋转，直到九个光敏电阻感应光线强度一样。
 在接受控制电路中引入单片机，通过充分利用其软、硬件资源，使系统具有优异的智能性、可扩展性、可升级性和操作方便，为对太阳全天候跟踪提供了合理、廉价的解决方案等特点。
 最后进行了系统联合调试，结果表明：系统的软、硬件设计合理可行，为后续的研究工作奠定了基础。
 
 关键词：光敏电阻组合检测元件  比较器模块  单片机（AT89C52）  液晶显示屏（1602）
 All-weather Solar Tracking System
 ABSTRACT
 All-weather solar tracking system for solar air conditioning、Solar hydrogen production、Solar irradiance measurements、materials aging test、solar photovoltaic、 solar water heaters and other high need for solar applications in real-time tracking designed.
 Solar Tracking System is a comprehensive application of physics, optics, kinematics, control theory and other disciplines reflected, is the current hot topic of research at home and abroad. Solar is an energy, is renewable energy. It is rich in resources, both free, then no transport, no pollution on the environment. To create a new human life forms, and human society into a era of energy conservation to reduce pollution. So, all-weather track to realize the sun is to improve the use of solar energy, utilization of great significance。
 I made all-weather solar tracking system, the system can track the sun all-round, with two degrees of freedom tracking. Through the night or cloudy days, the only one you can track the sun, reliable stability.
 ATMEL Corporation AT89C52 use of the system control chip, through the op amp device LM354N, LM358 module composed of relatively light on the photosensitive sensor resistance on the intensity and set the comparison reference voltage detection, and test results of logical operations, the responsible position angle and elevation angle of the stepping motor control, in order to achieve full-track the sun. 1602 LCD Module, Display System on the current work status and time. In the method described in detail the composition of the control system structure and working principle. The method uses nine photosensitive resistance on the current ambient light intensity sensor, at different intensity of light, the photosensitive resistor not the same, so the positive comparator input voltage is different. If the trackpad is not working on the sun, then the resistance of nine photosensitive not the same, the comparator input voltage is not the same, if the input voltage is higher than the set reference voltage, the comparator will output a signal to the SCM, SCM comparator input signal according to logical operations, and then control the corresponding stepper motor rotation, until 9 photosensitive resistance as light intensity sensor.
 In an interview with the introduction of single chip control circuit, by taking advantage of its software and hardware resources, the system has superior intelligence, scalability, scalable and easy to operatly weather Genzong the sun provides a reasonable, affordable solutions characteristics.Finally, a joint trial, the results show that: the system software and hardware design is reasonably practicable, for the follow-up research foundation.
 Key words: photosensitive detection elements  combined resistance comparator module microcontroller (AT89C52)  liquid crystal display (1602)