电子支付系统(一)

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Electronic payment systems are non-credit-card online payment systems.电子支付系统的非信用卡在线支付系统。 The goal of their development is to create analogs of checks and cash on the Internet, ie to implement all or some of the following features:他们的发展目标是建立检查类似物和互联网上的现金，即实施全部或部分功能如下：
Protecting customers from merchant's fraud by keeping credit card numbers unknown to merchants.保护商家客户从商人的欺诈行为，维持信用卡号码不明。
Allowing people without credit cards to engage in online transactions.允许卡的人没有信用进行网上交易。
Protecting confidentiality of customers.保护客户机密。
In some cases providing anonymity of customers ("electronic cash").在某些情况下为客户提供匿名的（“电子现金”）。
The problems in implementing electronic payment systems, especially anonymous electronic money, are:在实施电子支付系统，尤其是匿名的电子货币的问题是：
Preventing double-spending: copying the "money" and spending it several times.防止重复花费：复制“钱”，消费了好几遍。 This is especially hard to do with anonymous money.这是特别困难的事情匿钱。
Making sure that neither the customer nor the merchant can make an unauthorized transaction.确保，无论是客户还是商人可以使未经授权的交易。
Preserving customer's confidentiality without allowing customer's fraud.维护客户的保密而不让客户的欺诈行为。
While electronic payment systems have not gained a very wide popularity, except for PayPal system used on online auctions, such as eBay, they may become more popular in the future if more businesses start using them.而电子支付系统并没有得到拍卖市场，如eBay很广受欢迎的线上，除了在PayPal系统中使用，它们可能成为未来更受欢迎的，如果有更多的企业开始使用他们。 Electronic payment systems may be more convenient for international online business due to differences in credit card customer protection laws in different countries.电子支付系统的国家可能更方便国际在线业务应有的保障差异信用卡客户在不同的法律。 Below we look at examples of online payment systems.下面我们看看网上支付系统的例子。 Most of these products are no longer used, but the ideas developed by their authors are used in other products.这些产品大部分已不再使用，但它们的作者的想法开发的产品用于其他。
Virtual PIN虚拟密码
Virtual PIN, started in 1994 by a company called First Virtual Holding, was a system for making credit card payments over the Internet without exposing the credit card number to the merchant.虚拟私人密码，于1994年开始由一个控股公司称为第一虚拟，是一个商人系统编号，以信用卡付款的制作在互联网上没有暴露的信用卡。 It required no special software for a customer to make a purchase.它需要为客户没有专门的软件进行购买。 Virtual PIN relied on difficulty of intercepting and forging e-mail.虚拟密码依靠锻造难度拦截和电子邮件。
To enroll, a customer gives their credit card information and their e-mail address to the First Virtual (this was done by phone).要注册，客户给他们的信用卡信息和他们的电子邮件地址给第一虚拟（这是通过电话完成的）。 After the credit card information has been verified, the customer receives their PIN by e-mail.信用卡信息后，已核实，客户收到的密码通过电子邮件。
The procedure for purchasing an item using Virtual PIN is as follows:用于购买项目使用虚拟私人密码的程序如下：
The customer gives the merchant their Virtual PIN.客户给商家的虚拟个人识别号码。
The merchant sends the Virtual PIN and the amount of transaction to First Virtual.商人发送虚拟密码和交易金额为第一个虚拟。
First Virtual sends an e-mail to the customer asking to confirm the purchase.第一虚拟发送电子邮件向客户要求确认购买。
The customer answered "Yes", "No", or "Fraud".客户回答“是”，“反对”，或“欺诈”。
If the answer is "Yes", the merchant is informed that the charge has been accepted.如果答案是“是”，商人被告知，收费已被接受。 If "No", the charge is declined.如果“否”，收费下降。 If the answer is "Fraud", the charge is investigated.如果答案是“欺诈”的指控进行了研究。
Even though no encryption was involved, an eavesdropper could not use a virtual PIN without being able to intercept and answer the e-mail message to confirm the purchase.即使没有涉及加密，窃听者无法确认购买使用虚拟私人密码，而不能拦截和答复电子邮件消息。
Unlike credit cards which carry the customer's name, Virtual PIN provided a customer's anonymity from the merchant.它不像信用卡进行客户的姓名，密码提供虚拟匿名的商人从一个客户的。 The e-mail confirmation of the transaction served as a protection against merchant's fraud.电子邮件确认的欺诈交易商对担任一个保障。
Unfortunately, while the system has been created for all kinds of online business, the main use of Virtual PIN at the time was for buying and selling pornography.不幸的是，虽然该系统已为商业创造了各种网上的时间主要用在虚拟密码是买卖色情。 Virtual PIN tried to disassociate itself from this market.虚拟密码试图从这个市场本身脱钩。 Eventually the company abandoned the Virtual PIN and became specialized in sending promotional e-mail.最终，公司放弃了虚拟私人密码，并成为专业邮件发送促销电子邮件。
DigiCash (or E-cash)数字现金（或电子现金）
DigiCash (also known as E-cash) is an electronic payment system developed by Dr. David Chaum, who is widely regarded as an inventor of digital cash.数字现金（也称为电子现金）是一个电子支付系统开发的现金大卫博士Chaum，人们普遍认为谁是数字作为一个发明家。 The system was based on digital tokens called digital coins .该系统是基于数字硬币数字令牌调用。 DigiCash operated as follows:数字现金操作如下：
A customer establishes an account with the bank or other organization that could mint and receive digital coins.一个客户建立一个硬币的银行帐户或者其他组织可以薄荷和接收数字。 The customer's account was backed by real money in some form, for instance it could be linked to the customer's checking account.客户的帐户资金支持某种形式的真实，例如它可能与客户的支票帐户。
The customer also needs to download and install a software called electronic wallet .客户还需要下载并安装软件称为电子钱包。
To obtain DigiCash, the customer uses the electronic wallet to create digital coins.要获取数字现金，客户使用电子钱包创建数字硬币。 The coins are sent to the bank to sign.这套金银纪念币被发送到银行签署。 When the coins are signed, the equivalent amount of money is withdrawn from the customer's account.当硬币签署的同等数额的资金被撤回从客户的帐户。
When the customer wants to make a purchase, he/she sends signed digital coins to the merchant.当客户想进行购买，他/她发送数字签名的硬币和商人。 The merchant verifies the bank's signature and deposits the coins to the bank, where they are credited to the merchant's account.商人验证银行的存款帐户签名和硬币到银行，在那里他们将计入商家的。
The DigiCash (or E-cash), produced by the company DigiCash BV based in Amsterdam, has never created a market.该数字现金（或电子现金），阿姆斯特丹所产生的公司的数字现金BV公司，从来没有创造一个市场。 The company eventually declared bankruptcy.该公司最终宣布破产。 However, the algorithms used in DigiCash are considered fundamental in development of digital money.然而，在数字现金使用的算法被认为是金钱在发展中的基本数字。
CyberCash/CyberCoin CyberCash / CyberCoin
CyberCash is a system that allows customers to pay by a credit card without revealing the credit card number to the merchant. CyberCash是一个系统，让客户的信用支付卡不透露信用卡号码的商人。 To achieve this, a credit card number is sent to the merchant in an encrypted form.要做到这一点，一个信用卡号码发送到商家以加密的形式。
To enroll, a customer installs a software called CyberCash wallet on their computer.要注册，客户安装了一个软件叫CyberCash钱包在他们的电脑。 At the time of the installment the wallet generated a pair of a public and a private key.在钱包的时间分期产生了公众对a和一个私钥。 The wallet was protected by a passphrase, and a backup key was stored encrypted on a floppy disk.电子钱包是一个密码保护，备份和磁盘存储的关键是加密的软盘。 A CyberCash account was linked to the customer's credit card.阿CyberCash帐户被链接到客户的信用卡。 A variation of this scheme called CyberCoin was linked to the customer's checking account.阿CyberCoin变化称为该计划是与客户的支票帐户。
A purchase was conducted the following way:甲购买下列方式进行：
When the purchase was initiated, the CyberCash wallet displayed the amount, the merchant's name, and other information.当购买发起的CyberCash钱包上显示的金额，商家的名称，以及其他信息。 After the customer approved the transaction, an encrypted payment order was sent to the merchant.批准后，客户的交易，支付令是一个加密发送给商户。
The merchant could decrypt some of the information in the order, such as the product list, the address, etc., but not the other (such as the credit card information).商人可以解密等一些对信息，订单，如产品名单，地址，但没有其他（如信用卡资料）。 The merchant's software would add its own payment information to the order, digitally sign it, and then send it to the CyberCash gateway.商人的软件会增加自己的付款信息，订单，数字签名，然后将其发送给CyberCash网关。
The CyberCash gateway would decrypt the information.该CyberCash网关将解密的资料。 The order would be checked for duplicate requests.该命令将被重复检查的要求。 The gateway would verify that the customer's and the merchant's order information match (ie no fraud was committed on either side).该网关将验证客户和商家的订单信息匹配（即不欺诈犯任何一方）。 Then it would perform the money transfer and send the approval message to the merchant.然后，它会执行资金转移和批准邮件发送到商家。
The main point of this scheme was to prevent merchant's fraud, and thus allow customers to do business with more merchants without fear of scam.在这个计划的主要点是为了防止商人的欺诈，从而使客户能够做更多的客商诈骗业务无恐惧。 However, CyberCash and CyberCoin were not able to find the market.然而，CyberCash和CyberCoin无法找到市场。 The main reasons for the failure were the large size of customer's software and the fact that very few merchants would accept CyberCash payment.失败的原因主要是软件和大型客户的事实，很少商家愿意接受CyberCash付款。 The company was eventually bought by VeriSign.该公司最终收购了VeriSign公司。
SET (Secure Electronic Transactions)SET（安全电子交易）
SET is the Secure Electronic Transaction protocol for sending money over Internet. SET是互联网的安全电子交易协议超过寄钱。 It has been developed jointly by MasterCard, Visa, and several computer companies.它已经开发由万事达，维萨和几个电脑公司。 SET uses mechanisms similar to CyberCash.集使用的机制类似CyberCash。 However, being a standard protocol, it is built into a wide variety of commercial products.然而，作为一个标准协议，它是建设成为各种各样的商业产品。 In SET the order information consists of two parts: the part which is private between the customer and the merchant (such as the items being ordered) and information which is private between the customer and the bank (such as the customer's account number).在SET命令的信息分为两个部分：一部分是对（私人之间的客户和商家所订购的物品，如被）和信息是（私人之间的客户和银行等客户的账户号码）。 SET allows both kinds of information to be included in a single signed transaction: the part private between the customer and the merchant is encrypted using the merchant's private key, and the part private between the customer and the bank is encrypted using the bank's public key.集允许这两种材料是包含在一个单一的签署交易：部分商人的私人之间的客户和加密使用商家的私钥，部分银行的私人之间的客户和加密利用银行的公共密钥。
To prrevent changing the order information, the customer computes message digests of each part of the message separately, then takes the message digest of the two message digests, and then signs the resulting message digest.为了prrevent改变订单信息，客户信息计算消息摘要的各部分分开，然后把消息摘要的两个消息摘要，然后标志所产生的消息摘要。 This mechanism, called a dual signature, allows either the merchant or the bank to read and validate the signature on its half of the purchase request without having to decrypt the other half.这个机制称为双签字，允许以商业或银行阅读和购买的半数请求没有其他不必解密验证签名其一半。 The reason why SET never became popular was pretty much the same as for CyberCash: the trouble of getting a digital wallet software and setting it up for each credit card was not worth it for a customer, because very few merchants would accept SET payments.之所以没有成为流行的SET为每个信用卡几乎一样为CyberCash：麻烦获得一个设置数字钱包软件，它是不值得为一个客户，因为很少有商家愿意接受的SET支付。
PayPal贝宝
PayPal is an electronic payment system which can transfer money between its accounts.贝宝是一个电子支付系统，可转移账户之间的资金。 In order to use PayPal, one has to obtain a PayPal account, which is associated either with the customer's credit card or with their regular bank account.为了使用贝宝，一要取得一个PayPal帐户，这是帐户相关联或者与客户的信用卡或与普通银行。 The validity of a credit card is checked by the usual ways.该卡有效期1信用是用通常的检查方法。 The validity of a checking account is checked as follows: the customer gives PayPal their account number, PayPal makes two small-amount (less than $1) deposits to the account.该帐户的有效性的检查检查如下：客户的帐户号码给贝宝，贝宝使两个小金额（不足1美元）的存款帐户。 If the customer is able to tell PayPal the value of these deposits, then the customer is assumed to be a legitimate user of the account.如果客户能够告诉贝宝的价值，这些存款，则客户被假定为一个合法用户的帐户。
PayPal provides easy interface to send money to anyone by giving the person's e-mail account. PayPal提供简单的接口来发送电子邮件帐户的钱给任何人给予该人的电子邮件。 In order for the person to retrieve the money, they must have a PayPal account.在汇票的人检索，他们必须有一个PayPal帐户。 To avoid fraud, PayPal sends an e-mail message to both the initiator and the recipient of the transaction.为了避免欺诈，贝宝发送收件人的交易电子邮件无论对发起人和。
PayPal is used to settle online auctions, such as eBay auctions. PayPal是用来解决诸如eBay拍卖，网上拍卖。 The ease of use and the fact that no credit card is required to use it makes PayPal increasingly popular.在易用性和事实，即它没有信用卡需要使用，使贝宝越来越受欢迎。

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